The Use of Open Educational Resources in Higher Education

Art By Yomao

Art By Yomao

Open Educational Resources (OER) have become a legitimate threat to traditional textbooks in higher education. My graduate course I’m currently enrolled in does not have a textbook or reader; rather every week reading assignments are links to open sourced articles, such as Youtube videos and TED Talks. These OERs are having a profound impact on education, both financially and on the quality and timeliness of the content.

A student once told me that she often looks at the textbook price before registering for a class; if the book fees were over 300 dollars she would choose a different class. This was both shocking and disappointing. Today’s college students are financial stretched and textbooks are often a prohibitive cost to taking needed courses. OERs are one way that schools can promote diversity both racially and socio-economically, relieve financial strapped students, and democratize access to information and learning.

By using OERs, faculty and teachers can use timely articles with content from recent studies that better reflect the ever-changing nature of data in the digital age. The faculty can also grab a wide variety of articles written by many different scholars, helping diversify the writer’s voices and opinions. Students I interviewed said that OERs are more interesting than textbooks because they are always changing from week to week.

The downsides of OERs might be the vetting of the information by the faculty, whereas a textbook has been peer-reviewed and likely read a few times by the teacher. The faculty needs to put extra thought and effort in using OERs over the use of textbooks, but the financial and pedagogical benefits far outweigh the tired standards of textbook.

Equal Access to SAT Prep Made Possible Online Education

ILLUSTRATION BY ZOHAR LAZAR

ILLUSTRATION BY ZOHAR LAZAR

The New SAT is now out for high school students. The change has been in the works since 2005 now, but this year is the first year of the new test implementation. The New SAT is supposedly designed to better reflect what students learned in high school and what they will learn in college. Over 300,000 students took the test this past weekend; they were the inaugural class for this new SAT. The test has changed in many ways including the elimination of the vocabulary section, making the essay optional, and not penalizing students for guessing.

 

With all that said I’m going to wrap this into an eLearning frame. In the past, students would be better prepared for the exam if they took expensive preparation courses. My parents knew the importance of this exam and paid a great sum of money for a private tutor who prepared me for the exam and taught me the skills on how to beat the test.  My scores went up dramatically, compared to scores previous to the tutoring.

 

Not all high school students have the opportunity to have SAT prep courses. This created a type of economic/racial discrimination against those student whose parents could not afford to pay for the test prep. Online education to the rescue - the Kahn Academy offers free high quality SAT prep courses to high school students. David Coleman, president and CEO of the College Board, had this to say:

 

“Never in my career have I seen a launch of technology at this scale that has broken down the racial divisions that so haunt this nation — never. More students, whatever their level of income, are preparing for the SAT with Khan Academy than with all commercial test prep combined — at every level of income.”

 

Online education is democratizing access to valuable SAT prep material. This issue of access to prep material is more important than ever as college admissions become more competitive.  This is a great start to achieving equal access to education and college, but much work remains to be done in public education. Online education and resources cannot change the culture of discrimination and lack of funding in public schools, but it can help some self-driven students.

Learning Theories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, and Connectivism

Today I’m blogging about learning theories. This does not come up at work very often, and I find these theories to be generally sequestered by the school of education and possibly psychology. When I meet with a faculty to build a course, often times they are subject matter experts in their particular field, and have not studied pedagogy and all these different learning theories. Still, inn the end, their learning product is generally sound and the students leave the course knowing what they intended to know.

With that said, I do believe that a sound foundation in learning theory leads to better learning outcomes. I was taught by my mentor to follow Blooms Taxonomy and the ADDIE development model. I thought that was all I really needed to know to get started as an instructional designer (ID). I took a very pragmatic approach to design, where I would rarely interfere with the teacher’s ideas and was more a tool that executed their vision.  I feel that for the most part that is the ID’s job, to make the client happy, and for me that’s worked out pretty well. As I learn more in grad school I hope to interject more of the ideas from connectivsm into my courses. I will be working on a course about art and technology next quarter, and I will encourage the TAs to promote the use of blogs and connecting many students together online to form a learning community or network that can link to the outside world of art and technology.

 

Behaviorism

Art by funderstanding.com

Art by funderstanding.com

People learn through repetition. Learner is a passive blank slate shaped by environmental stimuli, both positive and negative reinforcement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cognitivism

This is a learning theory that was in response to behaviorism. Psychologist who promoted this idea claimed that behaviorism failed to explain cognition. In this theory, mind is an information processor. It emphasizes understanding the concept as a whole instead of just the pieces.

Art by Yannick Petitclerc

Art by Yannick Petitclerc

This is the learning theory that I was taught in developing online education using Blooms Taxonomy. Examples of cognitivist strategies for learning higher-level thinking are starting a lesson with a hook to create interest, a review quiz to promotes prior learning, using learning outcomes, chunking content into organized bite-sized pieces, using graphic organizers, and the student takes on an active role on learning. The teacher gives lots of encouragement and positive feedback.

Constructivism

Photo by Mauro Fermariello

Photo by Mauro Fermariello

Students learn new things through experience. They build knowledge through experiences and interactions. In cognitive learning, the students are taught to do something in constructivism. The students are encouraged to discover something on their own; this is known as self-directed learning. The major difference is that cognitive learning is about building on prior knowledge, and constructivism is about building new ideas and concepts based on your own discoveries.

 

 

 

Connectivism

Connectivism is a learning theory developed by George Siemens and Steven Downs. It stresses the connections and combinatorial creativity. All the knowledge is out there - it’s a matter of making the connections. 

Siemens (2004) states, “A community is the clustering of similar areas of interest that allows for interaction, sharing, dialoguing, and thinking together.”

Art by Penn State University Blog

Art by Penn State University Blog

For example, if a learner is trying to learn how Donald Trump has risen to power, they may start on a Facebook post that a friend made, which could then take them to an article, but the text is dense and confusing, so instead the student scrolls down to the comments sections and finds another link to a blog, and from the blog there is an embedded Youtube video that they watch to more fully understand the issue. That student has used various forms of gathering information using the Internet, and has gleaned the most salient information by using many different modes to more fully understand the issue.

Siemens, G. (2008).  Learning and Knowing in Networks: Changing roles for Educators and Designers

Accessibility in Online Education

Photo by UCB Admissions

Photo by UCB Admissions

Last week I gave a presentation to the people working in instructional technology at UCLA. This was a group consisting of instructional designers (ID), IT professionals, library technologist, and administrators. UCLA and the UC system as a whole has been grappling with accessibility and the costs involved with creating accessible online courses. This can often be a very touchy subject since there are very serious ramifications if 508 and ADA compliance are broken. There have been lawsuits at many universities including CAL, University of Colorado and MIT, just to name few. The Department of Justice often times has to step in and protect the rights of these disabled students.

I work on a University of California sub-committee called the Electronic Accessibility Leadership Team (EALT); our charge is to promote accessibility awareness throughout the UC system. We do not often get push backs, but there is very little movement to make improvement to website’s accessibility - especially once they are robustly developed. The costs are often too prohibitive, though I would argue that the costs of doing nothing are just as costly as making the improvements to the sites.

In 2013 the University of California was investigated by the by the Department of Justice for using text documents that are not Optical Character Recognition (OCR), meaning they cannot be used with a screen reader. These are relatively easy fixes that faculty and designers often over look.

I decided to record my presentation on accessibility and post it on Youtube and on internal site for other instructional designers who work at the University of California to view. I’m in the process for getting them captioned, so please don't judge me on that. 

PART 1 INTRO To ACCESSIBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY LAWS

Part one of the accessibility presentation reviews the need for accessibility in online education and the laws around accessibility including ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), Section 508 and Section 504 Accessibility Laws. I also cover Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG); this sections reviews at the high level the guiding principles for accessibility.  I also cover statistics about disabled people in this country, and on college students with disabilities, and the numbers may surprise you. This presentation is intended for instructional designers, web developers, and people who work with students and technology.  

 

 

 

PART 2 ACCESSIBILITY BEST PRACTICES AND TOOLS

Part two of the accessibility presentation covers best practices for web designers and instructional designers to build accessible online content. This section also explores the tools that are available to instructional designers to help them make better design decisions. I also stress the importance of communicating to disabled students their options and accommodations available to them at the office of students with disabilities. It is also worth noting that disabled students do not have to self-identify to the faculty or the school. I concluded with a section on how building accessible online content help many types of learners, not just students with disabilities.

 

 

Too Old for SnapChat

Snapchat is a social networking tool for pictures and captions. The power of the tool is the ephemeral nature of the post, each post only lasts until you view it. After that the image is erased from the Snapchat servers. People use it to send pictures, sexting and short videos. The application's main demographic consists of users between 13 and 23 years old.

Art by Pando.com

Art by Pando.com

 

I have a friend whose job is to market to young people, college kids and people in there 20s. He sells them all sorts of things but mainly entertainment. He told me there is a divide between the young and the old, and that divide is Snapchat. If you and your friends use Snapchat, you are young. Their relationship to technology is different than ours.

 

“What do you mean they are different than us?” I pressed, and he told me if you have to ask, you don’t get it. I said I didn’t feel that old - I’m only 35, and I’m still with it - at least I think I’m still with it. I go on Reddit everyday, I read Huff Po, have Instagram and Facebook. Well, I guess that’s not the difference maker.

 

So I signed up for Snapchat hoping to discover something. I work with college students everyday, and they are nonstop on Snapchat. I can see them putting silly hats on their friends' pictures and putting on comical filters. I thought it was going to be a blast. I installed the program on my iPhone and logged in. And I guess what he said was right: I have no friends on this. None of the people on my address book were on Snapchat. Finally, I found one coworker on Snapchat, and I send her a picture of me at the library studying. She seemed confused. I guess I’m not doing this right.

Snapchat, like all social networks, can be an exclusive environment, based on your friendship groups and age group. I can see how this can be a fun and powerful tool in an age where everything lasts forever; you can make a stupid post on Facebook and that can follow you around for years, whereas Snapchat relieves some of the pressure that young people must feel when posting pictures and videos since in the Snapchat application it just disappears after a few moments.

I really want to “get” Snapchat. I’m going to ask my student workers tomorrow how to make friends on it. This is a technology that is a divider, and if I can bridge this divide, I will better understand the young people I’m trying to educate.